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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2020-04-23 20:56:37 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000241
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB00241
Metabolite Identification
Common NameProtoporphyrin IX
DescriptionProtoporphyrins are tetrapyrroles containing 4 methyl, 2 propionic, and 2 vinyl side chains. Protoporphyrin is produced by oxidation of the methylene bridge of protoporphyrinogen. Protoporphyrin IX is the only naturally occurring isomer; it is an intermediate in heme biosynthesis, combining with ferrous iron to form protoheme IX, the heme prosthetic group of hemoglobin. Protoporphyrin IX is created by the enzyme protoporphyrinogen oxidase. The enzyme ferrochelatase converts it into heme. Protoporphyrin IX naturally occurs in small amounts in feces. Protoporphyrin IX is also responsible for the brown pigment (ooporphyrin) of birds' eggs. Protoporphyrin IX is used as a branch point in the biosynthetic pathway leading to heme (by insertion of iron) and chlorophylls (by insertion of Mg and further side-chain transformation). Protoporphyrin IX can be used to treat liver disorders, mainly as the sodium salt. Under certain conditions, protoporphyrin IX can act as a neurotoxin, a phototoxin, and a metabotoxin. A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. A phototoxin causes cell damage upon exposure to light. A metabotoxin is an endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels. Chronically high levels of porphyrins are associated with porphyrias such as porphyria variegate, acute intermittent porphyria, and hereditary coproporphyria (HCP). In particular, it is accumulated and excreted excessively in the feces in acute intermittent porphyria, protoporphyria, and variegate porphyria. There are several types of porphyrias (most are inherited). Hepatic porphyrias are characterized by acute neurological attacks (seizures, psychosis, extreme back and abdominal pain, and an acute polyneuropathy), while the erythropoietic forms present with skin problems (usually a light-sensitive blistering rash and increased hair growth). The neurotoxicity of porphyrins may be due to their selective interactions with tubulin, which disrupt microtubule formation and cause neural malformations (PMID: 3441503 ).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
ValueSource
3,3'-(3,7,12,17-Tetramethyl-8,13-divinyl-21H,23H-porphine-2,18-diyl)-bis-propionic acidChEBI
3,7,12,17-Tetramethyl-8,13-divinylporphyrin-2,18-dipropanoic acidChEBI
H2PpIXChEBI
Kammerer's prophyrinChEBI
OoporphyrinChEBI
Porphyrinogen IXChEBI
3,3'-(3,7,12,17-Tetramethyl-8,13-divinyl-21H,23H-porphine-2,18-diyl)-bis-propionateGenerator
3,7,12,17-Tetramethyl-8,13-divinylporphyrin-2,18-dipropanoateGenerator
3,3'-(3,7,12,17-Tetramethyl-8,13-divinylporphine-2,18-diyl)diHMDB
PpIXHMDB
ProtoporphyrinHMDB
Protoporphyrin-"ix"HMDB
Protoporphyrin-IXHMDB
Chemical FormulaC34H34N4O4
Average Molecular Weight562.6582
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight562.258005596
IUPAC Name3-[20-(2-carboxyethyl)-9,14-diethenyl-5,10,15,19-tetramethyl-21,22,23,24-tetraazapentacyclo[16.2.1.1^{3,6}.1^{8,11}.1^{13,16}]tetracosa-1(21),2,4,6,8(23),9,11,13,15,17,19-undecaen-4-yl]propanoic acid
Traditional Name3-[20-(2-carboxyethyl)-9,14-diethenyl-5,10,15,19-tetramethyl-21,22,23,24-tetraazapentacyclo[16.2.1.1^{3,6}.1^{8,11}.1^{13,16}]tetracosa-1(21),2,4,6,8(23),9,11,13,15,17,19-undecaen-4-yl]propanoic acid
CAS Registry Number553-12-8
SMILES
CC1=C(CCC(O)=O)/C2=C/C3=N/C(=C\C4=C(C)C(C=C)=C(N4)/C=C4\N=C(\C=C\1/N\2)C(C=C)=C4C)/C(C)=C3CCC(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C34H34N4O4/c1-7-21-17(3)25-13-26-19(5)23(9-11-33(39)40)31(37-26)16-32-24(10-12-34(41)42)20(6)28(38-32)15-30-22(8-2)18(4)27(36-30)14-29(21)35-25/h7-8,13-16,35,38H,1-2,9-12H2,3-6H3,(H,39,40)(H,41,42)/b25-13-,26-13-,27-14-,28-15-,29-14-,30-15-,31-16-,32-16-
InChI KeyKSFOVUSSGSKXFI-UJJXFSCMSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as porphyrins. Porphyrins are compounds containing a fundamental skeleton of four pyrrole nuclei united through the alpha-positions by four methine groups to form a macrocyclic structure.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganoheterocyclic compounds
ClassTetrapyrroles and derivatives
Sub ClassPorphyrins
Direct ParentPorphyrins
Alternative ParentsNot Available
SubstituentsNot Available
Molecular FrameworkNot Available
External DescriptorsNot Available
Ontology
Physiological effect
Disposition
Biological locationRoute of exposureSource
Process
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point300 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.17 mg/mL at 25 °CNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M-H]-MetCCS_train_neg245.23230932474
[M+H]+MetCCS_train_pos241.41930932474
[M-H]-Not Available245.232http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000317
[M+H]+Not Available242.26http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000317
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Membrane (predicted from logP)
  • Mitochondria
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
Tissue Locations
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Adrenal Medulla
  • Bladder
  • Epidermis
  • Erythrocyte
  • Fibroblasts
  • Intestine
  • Kidney
  • Leukocyte
  • Liver
  • Platelet
  • Spleen
  • Testis
  • Thyroid Gland
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0.66 +/- 0.18 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified0.53 +/- 0.13 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified1.09 +/- 0.57 uMNewborn (0-30 days old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected and Quantified0-1.244 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleProtoporphyria, Erythropoietic details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Protoporphyria, Erythropoietic
  1. MAGNUS IA, JARRETT A, PRANKERD TA, RIMINGTON C: Erythropoietic protoporphyria. A new porphyria syndrome with solar urticaria due to protoporphyrinaemia. Lancet. 1961 Aug 26;2(7200):448-51. [PubMed:13765301 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
  • 177000 (Protoporphyria, Erythropoietic)
DrugBank IDDB02285
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB004277
KNApSAcK IDC00007370
Chemspider ID10469486
KEGG Compound IDC02191
BioCyc IDPROTOPORPHYRIN_IX
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkProtoporphyrin_IX
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem CompoundNot Available
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID15430
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDPPP9
MarkerDB IDNot Available
Good Scents IDrw1279251
References
Synthesis ReferenceGames, David E.; Jackson, Anthony H.; Jackson, J. Richard; Belcher, Roderick V.; Smith, Sydney G. Biosynthesis of protoporphyrin-IX from coproporphyrinogen-III. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications (1976), (6), 187-8.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in coproporphyrinogen oxidase activity
Specific function:
Key enzyme in heme biosynthesis. Catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of propionic acid side chains of rings A and B of coproporphyrinogen III.
Gene Name:
CPOX
Uniprot ID:
P36551
Molecular weight:
50151.605
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the 6-electron oxidation of protoporphyrinogen-IX to form protoporphyrin-IX.
Gene Name:
PPOX
Uniprot ID:
P50336
Molecular weight:
50764.8
Reactions
Protoporphyrinogen IX + Oxygen → Protoporphyrin IX + Hydrogen peroxidedetails
Protoporphyrinogen IX + Oxygen → Protoporphyrin IX + Hydrogen peroxidedetails
General function:
Involved in ferrochelatase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the ferrous insertion into protoporphyrin IX.
Gene Name:
FECH
Uniprot ID:
P22830
Molecular weight:
47861.77
Reactions
Heme + Hydrogen Ion → Protoporphyrin IX + Fe2+details
Protoporphyrin IX + Fe2+ → Heme + Hydrogen Iondetails
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Stores iron in a soluble, non-toxic, readily available form. Important for iron homeostasis. Iron is taken up in the ferrous form and deposited as ferric hydroxides after oxidation. Also plays a role in delivery of iron to cells. Mediates iron uptake in capsule cells of the developing kidney
Gene Name:
FTL
Uniprot ID:
P02792
Molecular weight:
20019.5
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
  3. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235 ]
General function:
Involved in ferrochelatase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the ferrous insertion into protoporphyrin IX
Gene Name:
Not Available
Uniprot ID:
Q53FU1
Molecular weight:
47488.3
General function:
Involved in ferrochelatase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the ferrous insertion into protoporphyrin IX
Gene Name:
Not Available
Uniprot ID:
Q5TZY0
Molecular weight:
47680.5
General function:
Involved in ferrochelatase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the ferrous insertion into protoporphyrin IX
Gene Name:
DKFZp686P18130
Uniprot ID:
Q7KZA3
Molecular weight:
47131.9