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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:48:59 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000121
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB00121
Metabolite Identification
Common NameFolic acid
DescriptionFolic acid or folate, is a vitamin that belongs to the class of compounds known as pterins. Chemically, folate consists of three distinct chemical moieties linked together. A pterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-pteridine) linked by a methylene bridge to a p-aminobenzoyl group that in turn is linked through an amide linkage to glutamic acid. It is a member of the vitamin B family and is primarily known as vitamin B9. Folate is required for the body to make DNA and RNA and metabolize amino acids necessary for cell division for the hematopoietic system. As humans cannot make folate, it is required in the diet, making it an essential nutrient (i.e. a vitamin). Folate occurs naturally in many foods including mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses (poaceae). Folic acid, being biochemically inactive, is converted to tetrahydrofolic acid and methyltetrahydrofolate by the enzyme known as dihydrofolate reductase. Tetrahydrofolate and methyltetrahydrofolate are transported across cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis where they are needed to maintain normal erythropoiesis, synthesize purine and thymidylate nucleic acids, interconvert amino acids and generate formic acid. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. Folic acid is also used as a supplement by women during pregnancy to reduce the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) in babies. Low levels in early pregnancy are believed to be the cause of more than half of babies born with NTDs (PMID: 28097362 ). Folic acid is also a microbial metabolite produced by Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus (PMID: 22254078 ).
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Chemical FormulaC19H19N7O6
Average Molecular Weight441.3975
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight441.139681375
IUPAC Name(2S)-2-[(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}phenyl)formamido]pentanedioic acid
Traditional Namefolate
CAS Registry Number59-30-3
SMILES
NC1=NC(=O)C2=NC(CNC3=CC=C(C=C3)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(O)=O)=CN=C2N1
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C19H19N7O6/c20-19-25-15-14(17(30)26-19)23-11(8-22-15)7-21-10-3-1-9(2-4-10)16(29)24-12(18(31)32)5-6-13(27)28/h1-4,8,12,21H,5-7H2,(H,24,29)(H,27,28)(H,31,32)(H3,20,22,25,26,30)/t12-/m0/s1
InChI KeyOVBPIULPVIDEAO-LBPRGKRZSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as methoxyphenols. Methoxyphenols are compounds containing a methoxy group attached to the benzene ring of a phenol moiety.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassBenzenoids
ClassPhenols
Sub ClassMethoxyphenols
Direct ParentMethoxyphenols
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Methoxyphenol
  • Phenoxy compound
  • Anisole
  • Methoxybenzene
  • Phenol ether
  • 1-hydroxy-2-unsubstituted benzenoid
  • Alkyl aryl ether
  • Monocyclic benzene moiety
  • Carboxylic acid derivative
  • Monocarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Ether
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organic oxide
  • Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAromatic homomonocyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Disposition
Biological locationRoute of exposureSource
Process
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point250 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.0016 mg/mLNot Available
LogPNot AvailableNot Available
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M-H]-MetCCS_test_neg189.430932474
[M-H]-Astarita_neg188.330932474
[M+H]+MetCCS_test_pos195.46530932474
[M-H]-Not Available189.4http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000073
[M+H]+Not Available195.5http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000073
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Extracellular
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Cellular Cytoplasm
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Feces
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Brain
  • Erythrocyte
  • Kidney
  • Liver
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Abnormal Concentrations
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Folate deficiency
  1. (). Wu AHB. Tietz clinical guide to laboratory tests. 4th ed. St. Louis: Saunders/Elsevier. 2006.. .
Rheumatoid arthritis
  1. Chiang EP, Smith DE, Selhub J, Dallal G, Wang YC, Roubenoff R: Inflammation causes tissue-specific depletion of vitamin B6. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(6):R1254-62. Epub 2005 Sep 13. [PubMed:16277678 ]
Hereditary folate malabsorption
  1. Corbeel L, Van den Berghe G, Jaeken J, Van Tornout J, Eeckels R: Congenital folate malabsorption. Eur J Pediatr. 1985 Mar;143(4):284-90. [PubMed:3987728 ]
  2. Meyer E, Kurian MA, Pasha S, Trembath RC, Cole T, Maher ER: A novel PCFT gene mutation (p.Cys66LeufsX99) causing hereditary folate malabsorption. Mol Genet Metab. 2010 Mar;99(3):325-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.11.004. Epub 2009 Nov 16. [PubMed:20005757 ]
Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase Deficiency
  1. Moolenaar SH, Poggi-Bach J, Engelke UF, Corstiaensen JM, Heerschap A, de Jong JG, Binzak BA, Vockley J, Wevers RA: Defect in dimethylglycine dehydrogenase, a new inborn error of metabolism: NMR spectroscopy study. Clin Chem. 1999 Apr;45(4):459-64. [PubMed:10102904 ]
Alzheimer's disease
  1. Selley ML, Close DR, Stern SE: The effect of increased concentrations of homocysteine on the concentration of (E)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2002 May-Jun;23(3):383-8. [PubMed:11959400 ]
  2. Smach MA, Jacob N, Golmard JL, Charfeddine B, Lammouchi T, Ben Othman L, Dridi H, Bennamou S, Limem K: Folate and homocysteine in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease or dementia: a case control study. Eur Neurol. 2011;65(5):270-8. doi: 10.1159/000326301. Epub 2011 Apr 8. [PubMed:21474939 ]
Fibromyalgia
  1. Ortancil O, Sanli A, Eryuksel R, Basaran A, Ankarali H: Association between serum ferritin level and fibromyalgia syndrome. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 Mar;64(3):308-12. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2009.149. Epub 2010 Jan 20. [PubMed:20087382 ]
Bladder infections
  1. Braundmeier-Fleming A, Russell NT, Yang W, Nas MY, Yaggie RE, Berry M, Bachrach L, Flury SC, Marko DS, Bushell CB, Welge ME, White BA, Schaeffer AJ, Klumpp DJ: Stool-based biomarkers of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome. Sci Rep. 2016 May 18;6:26083. doi: 10.1038/srep26083. [PubMed:27188581 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
  • 180300 (Rheumatoid arthritis)
  • 229050 (Hereditary folate malabsorption)
  • 605850 (Dimethylglycine Dehydrogenase Deficiency)
  • 104300 (Alzheimer's disease)
DrugBank IDDB00158
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB014504
KNApSAcK IDC00001539
Chemspider ID5815
KEGG Compound IDC00504
BioCyc IDCPD-12826
BiGG ID35180
Wikipedia LinkFolic_Acid
METLIN ID246
PubChem Compound6037
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID27470
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDFOL
MarkerDB IDMDB00000056
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferencePiper, James R.; McCaleb, George S.; Montgomery, John A. Synthesis of 10-propargylfolic acid from 2-amino-6-(bromomethyl)-4(1H)-pteridinone. Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry (1987), 24(1), 279-82.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 23 proteins in total.

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (NADPH) activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, a co-substrate for homocysteine remethylation to methionine.
Gene Name:
MTHFR
Uniprot ID:
P42898
Molecular weight:
74595.895
References
  1. West AA, Caudill MA: Genetic variation: impact on folate (and choline) bioefficacy. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2010 Oct;80(4-5):319-29. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000040. [PubMed:21462116 ]
  2. Kim YI: Role of the MTHFR polymorphisms in cancer risk modification and treatment. Future Oncol. 2009 May;5(4):523-42. doi: 10.2217/fon.09.26. [PubMed:19450180 ]
General function:
Involved in folic acid binding
Specific function:
Catalyzes the methylation of glycine by using S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) to form N-methylglycine (sarcosine) with the concomitant production of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy). Possible crucial role in the regulation of tissue concentration of AdoMet and of metabolism of methionine.
Gene Name:
GNMT
Uniprot ID:
Q14749
Molecular weight:
32742.0
General function:
Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:
Folate-dependent enzyme, that displays both transferase and deaminase activity. Serves to channel one-carbon units from formiminoglutamate to the folate pool. Binds and promotes bundling of vimentin filaments originating from the Golgi (By similarity).
Gene Name:
FTCD
Uniprot ID:
O95954
Molecular weight:
58925.93
General function:
Involved in dihydrofolate reductase activity
Specific function:
Key enzyme in folate metabolism. Contributes to the de novo mitochondrial thymidylate biosynthesis pathway. Catalyzes an essential reaction for de novo glycine and purine synthesis, and for DNA precursor synthesis. Binds its own mRNA and that of DHFRL1.
Gene Name:
DHFR
Uniprot ID:
P00374
Molecular weight:
21452.61
Reactions
Tetrahydrofolic acid + NAD → Folic acid + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Tetrahydrofolic acid + NADP → Folic acid + NADPH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Dihydrofolic acid + NAD → Folic acid + NADH + Hydrogen Iondetails
Dihydrofolic acid + NADP → Folic acid + NADPH + Hydrogen Iondetails
General function:
Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:
Contributes to tetrahydrofolate metabolism. Helps regulate carbon flow through the folate-dependent one-carbon metabolic network that supplies carbon for the biosynthesis of purines, thymidine and amino acids.
Gene Name:
MTHFS
Uniprot ID:
P49914
Molecular weight:
16813.995
General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Metabolizes several precarcinogens, drugs, and solvents to reactive metabolites. Inactivates a number of drugs and xenobiotics and also bioactivates many xenobiotic substrates to their hepatotoxic or carcinogenic forms.
Gene Name:
CYP2E1
Uniprot ID:
P05181
Molecular weight:
56848.42
References
  1. Preissner S, Kroll K, Dunkel M, Senger C, Goldsobel G, Kuzman D, Guenther S, Winnenburg R, Schroeder M, Preissner R: SuperCYP: a comprehensive database on Cytochrome P450 enzymes including a tool for analysis of CYP-drug interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(Database issue):D237-43. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkp970. Epub 2009 Nov 24. [PubMed:19934256 ]
General function:
Involved in folic acid binding
Specific function:
Binds to folate and reduced folic acid derivatives and mediates delivery of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to the interior of cells
Gene Name:
FOLR1
Uniprot ID:
P15328
Molecular weight:
29818.9
General function:
Involved in folic acid binding
Specific function:
Transporter for the intake of folate. Uptake of folate in human placental choriocarcinoma cells occurs by a novel mechanism called potocytosis which functionally couples three components, namely the folate receptor, the folate transporter, and a V-type H(+)-pump.
Gene Name:
SLC19A1
Uniprot ID:
P41440
Molecular weight:
54261.68
General function:
Involved in folic acid binding
Specific function:
High-affinity transporter for the intake of thiamine.
Gene Name:
SLC19A2
Uniprot ID:
O60779
Molecular weight:
55399.49
General function:
Involved in folic acid binding
Specific function:
Binds to folate and reduced folic acid derivatives and mediates delivery of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to the interior of cells. Isoform Short does not bind folate
Gene Name:
FOLR3
Uniprot ID:
P41439
Molecular weight:
27638.0
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
  3. Shen F, Ross JF, Wang X, Ratnam M: Identification of a novel folate receptor, a truncated receptor, and receptor type beta in hematopoietic cells: cDNA cloning, expression, immunoreactivity, and tissue specificity. Biochemistry. 1994 Feb 8;33(5):1209-15. [PubMed:8110752 ]
  4. Shen F, Wu M, Ross JF, Miller D, Ratnam M: Folate receptor type gamma is primarily a secretory protein due to lack of an efficient signal for glycosylphosphatidylinositol modification: protein characterization and cell type specificity. Biochemistry. 1995 Apr 25;34(16):5660-5. [PubMed:7727426 ]
  5. Prasad PD, Ramamoorthy S, Moe AJ, Smith CH, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V: Selective expression of the high-affinity isoform of the folate receptor (FR-alpha) in the human placental syncytiotrophoblast and choriocarcinoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994 Aug 11;1223(1):71-5. [PubMed:8061055 ]
  6. Chen X, Ji ZL, Chen YZ: TTD: Therapeutic Target Database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2002 Jan 1;30(1):412-5. [PubMed:11752352 ]

Transporters

General function:
Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:
May act as an inducible transporter in the biliary and intestinal excretion of organic anions. Acts as an alternative route for the export of bile acids and glucuronides from cholestatic hepatocytes
Gene Name:
ABCC3
Uniprot ID:
O15438
Molecular weight:
169341.1
References
  1. Zeng H, Chen ZS, Belinsky MG, Rea PA, Kruh GD: Transport of methotrexate (MTX) and folates by multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 3 and MRP1: effect of polyglutamylation on MTX transport. Cancer Res. 2001 Oct 1;61(19):7225-32. [PubMed:11585759 ]
General function:
Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:
Xenobiotic transporter that may play an important role in the exclusion of xenobiotics from the brain. May be involved in brain-to-blood efflux. Appears to play a major role in the multidrug resistance phenotype of several cancer cell lines. When overexpressed, the transfected cells become resistant to mitoxantrone, daunorubicin and doxorubicin, display diminished intracellular accumulation of daunorubicin, and manifest an ATP- dependent increase in the efflux of rhodamine 123
Gene Name:
ABCG2
Uniprot ID:
Q9UNQ0
Molecular weight:
72313.5
References
  1. Chen ZS, Robey RW, Belinsky MG, Shchaveleva I, Ren XQ, Sugimoto Y, Ross DD, Bates SE, Kruh GD: Transport of methotrexate, methotrexate polyglutamates, and 17beta-estradiol 17-(beta-D-glucuronide) by ABCG2: effects of acquired mutations at R482 on methotrexate transport. Cancer Res. 2003 Jul 15;63(14):4048-54. [PubMed:12874005 ]
General function:
Involved in transmembrane transport
Specific function:
Has been shown to act both as an intestinal proton- coupled high-affinity folate transporter and as an intestinal heme transporter which mediates heme uptake from the gut lumen into duodenal epithelial cells. The iron is then released from heme and may be transported into the bloodstream. Dietary heme iron is an important nutritional source of iron. Shows a higher affinity for folate than heme
Gene Name:
SLC46A1
Uniprot ID:
Q96NT5
Molecular weight:
49770.0
References
  1. Nakai Y, Inoue K, Abe N, Hatakeyama M, Ohta KY, Otagiri M, Hayashi Y, Yuasa H: Functional characterization of human proton-coupled folate transporter/heme carrier protein 1 heterologously expressed in mammalian cells as a folate transporter. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2007 Aug;322(2):469-76. Epub 2007 May 2. [PubMed:17475902 ]
  2. Ashokkumar B, Mohammed ZM, Vaziri ND, Said HM: Effect of folate oversupplementation on folate uptake by human intestinal and renal epithelial cells. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jul;86(1):159-66. [PubMed:17616776 ]
General function:
Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:
May be an organic anion pump relevant to cellular detoxification
Gene Name:
ABCC4
Uniprot ID:
O15439
Molecular weight:
149525.3
References
  1. Chen ZS, Lee K, Walther S, Raftogianis RB, Kuwano M, Zeng H, Kruh GD: Analysis of methotrexate and folate transport by multidrug resistance protein 4 (ABCC4): MRP4 is a component of the methotrexate efflux system. Cancer Res. 2002 Jun 1;62(11):3144-50. [PubMed:12036927 ]
  2. Rius M, Nies AT, Hummel-Eisenbeiss J, Jedlitschky G, Keppler D: Cotransport of reduced glutathione with bile salts by MRP4 (ABCC4) localized to the basolateral hepatocyte membrane. Hepatology. 2003 Aug;38(2):374-84. [PubMed:12883481 ]
General function:
Involved in ion transmembrane transporter activity
Specific function:
Involved in the renal elimination of endogenous and exogenous organic anions. Functions as organic anion exchanger when the uptake of one molecule of organic anion is coupled with an efflux of one molecule of endogenous dicarboxylic acid (glutarate, ketoglutarate, etc). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS). Mediates the sodium-independent uptake of p- aminohippurate (PAH), ochratoxin (OTA), acyclovir (ACV), 3'-azido- 3-'deoxythymidine (AZT), cimetidine (CMD), 2,4-dichloro- phenoxyacetate (2,4-D), hippurate (HA), indoleacetate (IA), indoxyl sulfate (IS) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2- furanpropionate (CMPF), cidofovir, adefovir, 9-(2- phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine (PMEG), 9-(2- phosphonylmethoxyethyl) diaminopurine (PMEDAP) and edaravone sulfate. PAH uptake is inhibited by p- chloromercuribenzenesulphonate (PCMBS), diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), sulindac, diclofenac, carprofen, glutarate and okadaic acid. PAH uptake is inhibited by benzothiazolylcysteine (BTC), S-chlorotrifluoroethylcysteine (CTFC), cysteine S-conjugates S-dichlorovinylcysteine (DCVC), furosemide, steviol, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), calcium ionophore A23187, benzylpenicillin, furosemide, indomethacin, bumetamide, losartan, probenecid, phenol red, urate, and alpha-ketoglutarate
Gene Name:
SLC22A6
Uniprot ID:
Q4U2R8
Molecular weight:
61815.8
References
  1. Kuze K, Graves P, Leahy A, Wilson P, Stuhlmann H, You G: Heterologous expression and functional characterization of a mouse renal organic anion transporter in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem. 1999 Jan 15;274(3):1519-24. [PubMed:9880528 ]
  2. Uwai Y, Okuda M, Takami K, Hashimoto Y, Inui K: Functional characterization of the rat multispecific organic anion transporter OAT1 mediating basolateral uptake of anionic drugs in the kidney. FEBS Lett. 1998 Nov 6;438(3):321-4. [PubMed:9827570 ]
General function:
Involved in ATP binding
Specific function:
Participates in physiological processes involving bile acids, conjugated steroids and cyclic nucleotides. Enhances the cellular extrusion of cAMP and cGMP. Stimulates the ATP-dependent uptake of a range of physiological and synthetic lipophilic anions, including the glutathione S-conjugates leukotriene C4 and dinitrophenyl S-glutathione, steroid sulfates such as dehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulfate (DHEAS) and estrone 3-sulfate, glucuronides such as estradiol 17-beta-D-glucuronide (E(2)17betaG), the monoanionic bile acids glycocholate and taurocholate, and methotrexate. Probably functions to secrete earwax
Gene Name:
ABCC11
Uniprot ID:
Q96J66
Molecular weight:
154299.6
References
  1. Chen ZS, Guo Y, Belinsky MG, Kotova E, Kruh GD: Transport of bile acids, sulfated steroids, estradiol 17-beta-D-glucuronide, and leukotriene C4 by human multidrug resistance protein 8 (ABCC11). Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Feb;67(2):545-57. Epub 2004 Nov 10. [PubMed:15537867 ]
General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Transports folate across the inner membranes of mitochondria.
Gene Name:
SLC25A32
Uniprot ID:
Q9H2D1
Molecular weight:
35406.83
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 23 proteins in total.