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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2022-03-07 02:48:59 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000037
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB00037
Metabolite Identification
Common NameAldosterone
DescriptionAldosterone is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex in the adrenal gland to regulate sodium and potassium balance in the blood. Specifically, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. It is synthesized from cholesterol by aldosterone synthase, which is absent in other sections of the adrenal gland. It is the sole endogenous member of the class of mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone increases the permeability of the apical (luminal) membrane of the kidney's collecting ducts to potassium and sodium and activates their basolateral Na+/K+ pumps, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, reabsorbing sodium (Na+) ions and water into the blood, and excreting potassium (K+) ions into the urine.
Structure
Thumb
Synonyms
Chemical FormulaC21H28O5
Average Molecular Weight360.444
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight360.193674006
IUPAC Name(1S,2R,10S,11S,14S,15R,17S)-17-hydroxy-14-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-2-methyl-5-oxotetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-ene-15-carbaldehyde
Traditional Name(1S,2R,10S,11S,14S,15R,17S)-17-hydroxy-14-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-2-methyl-5-oxotetracyclo[8.7.0.0^{2,7}.0^{11,15}]heptadec-6-ene-15-carbaldehyde
CAS Registry Number52-39-1
SMILES
[H][C@@]12CC[C@H](C(=O)CO)[C@]1(C[C@H](O)[C@@]1([H])[C@@]2([H])CCC2=CC(=O)CC[C@]12C)C=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C21H28O5/c1-20-7-6-13(24)8-12(20)2-3-14-15-4-5-16(18(26)10-22)21(15,11-23)9-17(25)19(14)20/h8,11,14-17,19,22,25H,2-7,9-10H2,1H3/t14-,15-,16+,17-,19+,20-,21+/m0/s1
InChI KeyPQSUYGKTWSAVDQ-ZVIOFETBSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as 21-hydroxysteroids. These are steroids carrying a hydroxyl group at the 21-position of the steroid backbone.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassLipids and lipid-like molecules
ClassSteroids and steroid derivatives
Sub ClassHydroxysteroids
Direct Parent21-hydroxysteroids
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Progestogin-skeleton
  • 21-hydroxysteroid
  • 20-oxosteroid
  • Pregnane-skeleton
  • 18-oxosteroid
  • 3-oxo-delta-4-steroid
  • 3-oxosteroid
  • Oxosteroid
  • 11-beta-hydroxysteroid
  • 11-hydroxysteroid
  • Delta-4-steroid
  • Cyclohexenone
  • Cyclic alcohol
  • Alpha-hydroxy ketone
  • Ketone
  • Secondary alcohol
  • Cyclic ketone
  • Alcohol
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Primary alcohol
  • Aldehyde
  • Aliphatic homopolycyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic homopolycyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Disposition
Biological locationRoute of exposureSource
Process
Naturally occurring process
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point166.5 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility0.051 mg/mL at 37 °CNot Available
LogP1.08HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M-H]-MetCCS_train_neg181.08930932474
[M+H]+MetCCS_train_pos187.65730932474
[M-H]-Not Available184.7http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000175
[M+H]+Not Available192.1http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000175
Predicted Molecular Properties
Predicted Chromatographic Properties
Spectra
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Membrane
  • Mitochondria
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Saliva
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • Adipose Tissue
  • Adrenal Cortex
  • Adrenal Gland
  • Adrenal Medulla
  • Fibroblasts
  • Intestine
  • Kidney
  • Lung
  • Neuron
  • Pancreas
  • Placenta
  • Platelet
  • Skeletal Muscle
  • Testis
  • Thyroid Gland
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
Abnormal Concentrations
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Heart failure
  1. Ferreira A, Bettencourt P, Pestana M, Correia F, Serrao P, Martins L, Cerqueira-Gomes M, Soares-Da-Silva P: Heart failure, aging, and renal synthesis of dopamine. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001 Sep;38(3):502-9. [PubMed:11532681 ]
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, due to 17-Hydroxylase-Deficiency
  1. Wong SL, Shu SG, Tsai CR: Seventeen alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. J Formos Med Assoc. 2006 Feb;105(2):177-81. doi: 10.1016/S0929-6646(09)60342-9. [PubMed:16477341 ]
Bartter Syndrome, Type 4A, Neonatal, with Sensorineural Deafness
  1. Zaffanello M, Taranta A, Palma A, Bettinelli A, Marseglia GL, Emma F: Type IV Bartter syndrome: report of two new cases. Pediatr Nephrol. 2006 Jun;21(6):766-70. doi: 10.1007/s00467-006-0090-x. Epub 2006 Apr 1. [PubMed:16583241 ]
  2. Heilberg IP, Totoli C, Calado JT: Adult presentation of Bartter syndrome type IV with erythrocytosis. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2015 Oct-Dec;13(4):604-6. doi: 10.1590/S1679-45082015RC3013. Epub 2015 Oct 30. [PubMed:26537508 ]
Bartter Syndrome, Type 1, Antenatal
  1. Adachi M, Asakura Y, Sato Y, Tajima T, Nakajima T, Yamamoto T, Fujieda K: Novel SLC12A1 (NKCC2) mutations in two families with Bartter syndrome type 1. Endocr J. 2007 Dec;54(6):1003-7. Epub 2007 Nov 12. [PubMed:17998760 ]
Adrenal insufficiency, congenital, with 46,XY sex reversal, partial or complete
  1. Kim CJ, Lin L, Huang N, Quigley CA, AvRuskin TW, Achermann JC, Miller WL: Severe combined adrenal and gonadal deficiency caused by novel mutations in the cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Mar;93(3):696-702. doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-2330. Epub 2008 Jan 8. [PubMed:18182448 ]
Bartter Syndrome, Type 2, Antenatal
  1. Chan WK, To KF, Tong JH, Law CW: Paradoxical hypertension and salt wasting in Type II Bartter syndrome. Clin Kidney J. 2012 Jun;5(3):217-20. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfs026. Epub 2012 Mar 29. [PubMed:26069767 ]
Bartter Syndrome, Type 4B, Neonatal, With Sensorineural Deafness
  1. Nozu K, Inagaki T, Fu XJ, Nozu Y, Kaito H, Kanda K, Sekine T, Igarashi T, Nakanishi K, Yoshikawa N, Iijima K, Matsuo M: Molecular analysis of digenic inheritance in Bartter syndrome with sensorineural deafness. J Med Genet. 2008 Mar;45(3):182-6. doi: 10.1136/jmg.2007.052944. [PubMed:18310267 ]
Renal tubular acidosis, proximal, with ocular abnormalities and mental retardation
  1. Igarashi T, Ishii T, Watanabe K, Hayakawa H, Horio K, Sone Y, Ohga K: Persistent isolated proximal renal tubular acidosis--a systemic disease with a distinct clinical entity. Pediatr Nephrol. 1994 Feb;8(1):70-1. [PubMed:8142230 ]
Congenital chloride diarrhea
  1. Choi M, Scholl UI, Ji W, Liu T, Tikhonova IR, Zumbo P, Nayir A, Bakkaloglu A, Ozen S, Sanjad S, Nelson-Williams C, Farhi A, Mane S, Lifton RP: Genetic diagnosis by whole exome capture and massively parallel DNA sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Nov 10;106(45):19096-101. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0910672106. Epub 2009 Oct 27. [PubMed:19861545 ]
Corticosterone methyl oxidase I deficiency
  1. Ustyol A, Atabek ME, Taylor N, Yeung MC, Chan AO: Corticosterone Methyl Oxidase Deficiency Type 1 with Normokalemia in an Infant. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2016 Sep 1;8(3):356-9. doi: 10.4274/jcrpe.2824. Epub 2016 Apr 29. [PubMed:27125267 ]
Glucocorticoid resistance
  1. Donner KM, Hiltunen TP, Janne OA, Sane T, Kontula K: Generalized glucocorticoid resistance caused by a novel two-nucleotide deletion in the hormone-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012 Dec 10;168(1):K9-K18. doi: 10.1530/EJE-12-0532. Print 2013 Jan. [PubMed:23076843 ]
Lipoid Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
  1. Fujieda K, Tajima T, Nakae J, Sageshima S, Tachibana K, Suwa S, Sugawara T, Strauss JF 3rd: Spontaneous puberty in 46,XX subjects with congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. Ovarian steroidogenesis is spared to some extent despite inactivating mutations in the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene. J Clin Invest. 1997 Mar 15;99(6):1265-71. doi: 10.1172/JCI119284. [PubMed:9077535 ]
  2. Hauffa BP, Miller WL, Grumbach MM, Conte FA, Kaplan SL: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to deficient cholesterol side-chain cleavage activity (20, 22-desmolase) in a patient treated for 18 years. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1985 Nov;23(5):481-93. [PubMed:3841304 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
  • 202110 (Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia, due to 17-Hydroxylase-Deficiency)
  • 602522 (Bartter Syndrome, Type 4A, Neonatal, with Sensorineural Deafness)
  • 601678 (Bartter Syndrome, Type 1, Antenatal)
  • 613743 (Adrenal insufficiency, congenital, with 46,XY sex reversal, partial or complete)
  • 241200 (Bartter Syndrome, Type 2, Antenatal)
  • 613090 (Bartter Syndrome, Type 4B, Neonatal, With Sensorineural Deafness)
  • 604278 (Renal tubular acidosis, proximal, with ocular abnormalities and mental retardation)
  • 214700 (Congenital chloride diarrhea)
  • 203400 (Corticosterone methyl oxidase I deficiency)
  • 615962 (Glucocorticoid resistance)
  • 201710 (Lipoid Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia)
DrugBank IDDB04630
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB021883
KNApSAcK IDNot Available
Chemspider ID5633
KEGG Compound IDC01780
BioCyc IDALDOSTERONE
BiGG IDNot Available
Wikipedia LinkAldosterone
METLIN IDNot Available
PubChem Compound5839
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID27584
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDALDSTRN
MarkerDB IDMDB00000018
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis ReferenceBear, Brian R.; Parnes, Jason S.; Shea, Kenneth J. Progress toward the Total Synthesis of (+)-Aldosterone: Synthesis of the A-D Rings. Organic Letters (2003), 5(10), 1613-1616.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Not Available
General References

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 14 proteins in total.

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in monooxygenase activity
Specific function:
Has steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase activity. In addition to this activity, the 18 or 19-hydroxylation of steroids and the aromatization of androstendione to estrone have also been ascribed to cytochrome P450 XIB.
Gene Name:
CYP11B1
Uniprot ID:
P15538
Molecular weight:
57572.44
Reactions
Deoxycorticosterone + Reduced adrenal ferredoxin + Oxygen → Aldosterone + Oxidized adrenal ferredoxin + Waterdetails
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Efficiently catalyzes the reduction of progesterone, androstenedione, 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone to 5-beta-reduced metabolites. The bile acid intermediates 7-alpha,12-alpha-dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and 7-alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one can also act as substrates.
Gene Name:
AKR1D1
Uniprot ID:
P51857
Molecular weight:
32889.38
Reactions
11b,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-oxo-5b-pregnan-18-al + NADP → Aldosterone + NADPH + Hydrogen Iondetails
General function:
Involved in protein serine/threonine kinase activity
Specific function:
Protein kinase that plays an important role in cellular stress response. Activates certain potassium, sodium, and chloride channels, suggesting an involvement in the regulation of processes such as cell survival, neuronal excitability and renal sodium excretion. Sustained high levels and activity may contribute to conditions such as hypertension and diabetic nephropathy. Mediates cell survival signals, phosphorylates and negatively regulates pro-apoptotic FOXO3A. Phosphorylates NEDD4L, which leads to its inactivation and to the subsequent activation of various channels and transporters such as ENaC, KCNA3/Kv1.3 or EAAT1. Isoform 2 exhibited a greater effect on cell plasma membrane expression of ENaC and Na(+) transport than isoform 1
Gene Name:
SGK1
Uniprot ID:
O00141
Molecular weight:
48942.0
References
  1. Cordas E, Naray-Fejes-Toth A, Fejes-Toth G: Subcellular location of serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase-1 in renal and mammary epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007 May;292(5):C1971-81. Epub 2007 Jan 3. [PubMed:17202226 ]
General function:
Involved in transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity
Specific function:
Isoform 2 may act as an antagonist of EGF action
Gene Name:
EGFR
Uniprot ID:
P00533
Molecular weight:
134276.2
References
  1. McEneaney V, Harvey BJ, Thomas W: Aldosterone rapidly activates protein kinase D via a mineralocorticoid receptor/EGFR trans-activation pathway in the M1 kidney CCD cell line. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2007 Nov-Dec;107(3-5):180-90. Epub 2007 Jun 22. [PubMed:17681751 ]
General function:
Involved in intracellular signaling pathway
Specific function:
Converts transient diacylglycerol (DAG) signals into prolonged physiological effects, downstream of PKC. Involved in resistance to oxidative stress through activation of NF-kappa-B
Gene Name:
PRKD1
Uniprot ID:
Q15139
Molecular weight:
101703.3
References
  1. McEneaney V, Harvey BJ, Thomas W: Aldosterone regulates rapid trafficking of epithelial sodium channel subunits in renal cortical collecting duct cells via protein kinase D activation. Mol Endocrinol. 2008 Apr;22(4):881-92. doi: 10.1210/me.2007-0225. Epub 2008 Jan 17. [PubMed:18202152 ]
General function:
Involved in collagen binding
Specific function:
Anastellin binds fibronectin and induces fibril formation. This fibronectin polymer, named superfibronectin, exhibits enhanced adhesive properties. Both anastellin and superfibronectin inhibit tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. Anastellin activates p38 MAPK and inhibits lysophospholipid signaling
Gene Name:
FN1
Uniprot ID:
P02751
Molecular weight:
262623.1
References
  1. Lai L, Chen J, Hao CM, Lin S, Gu Y: Aldosterone promotes fibronectin production through a Smad2-dependent TGF-beta1 pathway in mesangial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006 Sep 15;348(1):70-5. Epub 2006 Jul 21. [PubMed:16876110 ]
General function:
Involved in hormone activity
Specific function:
Cardiac hormone which may function as a paracrine antifibrotic factor in the heart. Also plays a key role in cardiovascular homeostasis through natriuresis, diuresis, vasorelaxation, and inhibition of renin and aldosterone secretion. Specifically binds and stimulates the cGMP production of the NPR1 receptor. Binds the clearance receptor NPR3
Gene Name:
NPPB
Uniprot ID:
P16860
Molecular weight:
14725.8
General function:
Involved in insulin-like growth factor binding
Specific function:
Major connective tissue mitoattractant secreted by vascular endothelial cells. Promotes proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes. Mediates heparin- and divalent cation-dependent cell adhesion in many cell types including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial and epithelial cells. Enhances fibroblast growth factor-induced DNA synthesis
Gene Name:
CTGF
Uniprot ID:
P29279
Molecular weight:
38091.0
References
  1. Gauer S, Segitz V, Goppelt-Struebe M: Aldosterone induces CTGF in mesangial cells by activation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007 Nov;22(11):3154-9. Epub 2007 Jun 30. [PubMed:17602195 ]
General function:
Involved in G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway
Specific function:
Receptor for angiotensin II. Mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol- calcium second messenger system
Gene Name:
AGTR1
Uniprot ID:
P30556
Molecular weight:
41060.5
References
  1. Yamada M, Kushibiki M, Osanai T, Tomita H, Okumura K: Vasoconstrictor effect of aldosterone via angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor: possible role of AT1 receptor dimerization. Cardiovasc Res. 2008 Jul 1;79(1):169-78. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvn064. Epub 2008 Mar 7. [PubMed:18326554 ]
General function:
Involved in sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity
Specific function:
Receptor for both mineralocorticoids (MC) such as aldosterone and glucocorticoids (GC) such as corticosterone or cortisol. Binds to mineralocorticoid response elements (MRE) and transactivates target genes. The effect of MC is to increase ion and water transport and thus raise extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure and lower potassium levels
Gene Name:
NR3C2
Uniprot ID:
P08235
Molecular weight:
107066.6
References
  1. White WB: Drospirenone with 17beta-estradiol in the postmenopausal woman with hypertension. Climacteric. 2007 Feb;10 Suppl 1:25-31. [PubMed:17364595 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 14 proteins in total.