MX2 MX dynamin like GTPase 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: MX2provided by HGNC
Official Full Name: MX dynamin like GTPase 2provided by HGNC
Primary source: HGNC:HGNC:7533
See related: Ensembl:ENSG00000183486 MIM:147890; AllianceGenome:HGNC:7533
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Homo sapiens
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as: MXB
Summary: The protein encoded by this gene has a nuclear and a cytoplasmic form and is a member of both the dynamin family and the family of large GTPases. The nuclear form is localized in a granular pattern in the heterochromatin region beneath the nuclear envelope. A nuclear localization signal (NLS) is present at the amino terminal end of the nuclear form but is lacking in the cytoplasmic form due to use of an alternate translation start codon. This protein is upregulated by interferon-alpha but does not contain the antiviral activity of a similar myxovirus resistance protein 1. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
Expression: Broad expression in spleen (RPKM 16.5), appendix (RPKM 13.6) and 23 other tissues See more
Orthologs: all
NEW: Try the new Gene table
Try the new Transcript table

Genomic context

Location:: 21q22.3

Exon count:: 18

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2023_10	current	GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40)	21	NC_000021.9 (41362027..41409393)
RS_2023_10	current	T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1)	21	NC_060945.1 (39750638..39798083)
105.20220307	previous assembly	GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25)	21	NC_000021.8 (42733954..42781320)

Chromosome 21 - NC_000021.9 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

Go to the top of the page Help

Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

Go to the top of the page Help

See details

Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
BioProject: PRJEB4337
Publication: PMID 24309898
Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

Go to the top of the page Help

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

A single polymorphic residue in humans underlies species-specific restriction of HSV-1 by the antiviral protein MxB.
Title: A single polymorphic residue in humans underlies species-specific restriction of HSV-1 by the antiviral protein MxB.
Polymorphisms of the MxA and MxB genes are associated with biochemical indices and viral subtypes in Yunnan HCV patients.
Title: Polymorphisms of the MxA and MxB genes are associated with biochemical indices and viral subtypes in Yunnan HCV patients.
Genetic polymorphisms in the IFNL4, MxA, and MxB genes were associated with biochemical index of chronic HBV patients from Yunnan, China.
Title: Genetic polymorphisms in the IFNL4, MxA, and MxB genes were associated with biochemical index of chronic HBV patients from Yunnan, China.
MX2: Identification and systematic mechanistic analysis of a novel immune-related biomarker for systemic lupus erythematosus.
Title: MX2: Identification and systematic mechanistic analysis of a novel immune-related biomarker for systemic lupus erythematosus.
The transcriptome profile of human trisomy 21 blood cells.
Title: The transcriptome profile of human trisomy 21 blood cells.
High accumulation of Mx2 renders limited multiplication of oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 in human tumor cells.
Title: High accumulation of Mx2 renders limited multiplication of oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 in human tumor cells.
Interferon-inducible MX2 is a host restriction factor of hepatitis B virus replication.
Title: Interferon-inducible MX2 is a host restriction factor of hepatitis B virus replication.
MX2-mediated innate immunity against HIV-1 is regulated by serine phosphorylation.
Title: MX2-mediated innate immunity against HIV-1 is regulated by serine phosphorylation.
MX2 mediates establishment of interferon response profile, regulates XAF1, and can sensitize melanoma cells to targeted therapy.
Title: MX2 mediates establishment of interferon response profile, regulates XAF1, and can sensitize melanoma cells to targeted therapy.
MxB impedes the NUP358-mediated HIV-1 pre-integration complex nuclear import and viral replication cooperatively with CPSF6.
Title: MxB impedes the NUP358-mediated HIV-1 pre-integration complex nuclear import and viral replication cooperatively with CPSF6.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (50)

Phenotypes

Go to the top of the page Help

Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
Genome-wide association study identifies three new melanoma susceptibility loci. EBI GWAS Catalog EBI GWAS CatalogPubMed

Variation

Go to the top of the page Help

See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

HIV-1 interactions

Go to the top of the page Help

Replication interactions

Interaction	Pubs
HIV-1 replication is restricted by functional MX2 (MxB) which is dependent upon amino acid G208 in CA in Cf2Th and THP-1 cells	PubMed
HIV-1 replication is inhibited by wild type MX2 (MxB) but not when mutations in the stalk oligomerization interfaces, hinge region, or L4 loop are made	PubMed
HIV-1 replication is restricted by wild type MX2 (MxB); restriction is dependent on amino acids M574, Y651, and F647 in MX2 as assayed in U87-MG CD4+ CXCR4+ cells	PubMed
HIV-1 replication is NOT restricted by MX2 (MxB) mutants M574D, Y651D and M567D/L570D (mutations affect MX2 dimerization); this observation indicates that MX2 (MxB) dimerization is important for anti-HIV-1 activity in this context	PubMed
HIV-1 replication is restricted by MX2 mutants I423D, K663D, M666D, and the I423/K663D double mutant (all interface 1 MX2 (MxB) mutants); indicates that MX2 oligomerization through interface 1 is not critical for MX2-mediated HIV-1 restriction	PubMed
HIV-1 replication is restricted by MX2 (MxB) mutants E681A and R689A (in HOS cells), indicating anti-HIV-1 activity of MX2 (MxB) is not dependent on transfer of information from the GTPase domain to the stalk domain	PubMed
HIV-1 infection is restricted by wild type MX2 (MxB) and the YRGK487-490AAAA mutant MX2 (MxB)	PubMed
VSVG-pseudotyped recombinant HIV-1 is restricted by MX2 (MxB) with mutations in interface 1 (E424R, K663D, L669D) just as strongly as wild-type MX2 (MxB)	PubMed
Knockdown of MX2 by shRNA enhances HIV-1 replication in an IFN-alpha-dependent manner in HIV-1-infected cells	PubMed

Protein interactions

Protein	Gene	Interaction	Pubs
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120	env	HIV-1 gp120-treated vaginal epithelial cells show upregulation of myxovirus resistance 2 (MX2, MXB) expression as compared to untreated control	PubMed
Tat	tat	HIV-1 and the viral protein Tat modulate the expression of MX dynamin-like GTPase 2 (MX2; MxB) in immature dendritic cells and monocyte-derived macrophages	PubMed
Vpr	vpr	HIV-1 Vpr upregulates the gene expression of MX2 in human monocyte-derived macrophages	PubMed
	vpr	HIV-1 Vpr upregulates the gene expression of MX2 in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells	PubMed
capsid	gag	HIV-1 CA binds MX2 (MxB) dependent upon G208 in CA, which is not related to IFN-alpha restriction in THP-1, HT-1080, and U87 MG cell lines	PubMed
	gag	HIV-1 CA H87P, G116A, and P207A mutants are resistant to inhibition by MX2 (MxB), but still interact with MX2 (MxB)	PubMed
	gag	CA-NC complex/core (in vitro-assembled from HIV-1 NL4-3 Gag amino acids 133-433; fusion protein) DOES NOT bind to MX2 (MxB) with mutations in interface 2 (Q644D, M574D, Y651D and M574D/Y651D, each preventing MX2 oligomerization)	PubMed
	gag	CA binding to MX2 (MxB) involves the N-terminal 25 amino acids of MX2 (MxB)	PubMed
	gag	Anti-HIV-1 activity of MX2 is greatly enhanced when MX2 is directly targeted to HIV-1 CA by fusion with PPIA (CypA)	PubMed
	gag	CA-NC complex/core (in vitro-assembled from HIV-1 NL4-3 Gag amino acids 133-433; fusion protein) binds to MX2 (MxB) with mutations in interface 1 (E424R, K663D, L669D) as strongly as wild-type MX2 (MxB)	PubMed
	gag	Disruption of the leucine zipper by a single point mutation L661K abolishes the ability of MX2 to oligomerize, leading to neither binding to in vitro assembled HIV-1 CA-NC complexes nor restrict HIV-1 infection	PubMed
	gag	MX2 binds to in vitro assembled HIV-2 and SIVmac CA-NC complexes	PubMed
	gag	HIV-1 CA tubes bind MX2 (MxB) directly in vitro, indicating that cellular cofactors are not required for the direct interaction of these two proteins	PubMed
	gag	WT CA binds MX2 (MX2-HA) efficiently as well as interface 1 mutants K663D, I423D/K663D, and M666D; hinge 1 mutant E681A and interface 2 mutants M574D and Y651D do not bind CA efficiently	PubMed
	gag	HIV-1 CA in assembled lattices bind MX2, but not single CA hexamers (pentamers or monomers)	PubMed
	gag	HIV-1 CA binds MBP-MX2-YRGK/IKM directly, indicating that cellular cofactors are not required for the binding between CA and MX2	PubMed
	gag	HIV-1 CA-MX2 interaction plays a role in in restriction of HIV-1 replication (negative correlation of CA-MX2 binding scatterplot analysis yields a Spearman rank correlation coefficient p value of 0.028)	PubMed
	gag	Efficient HIV-1 CA binding to MX2 requires the first 84 amino acids of MX2 (N-terminus)	PubMed
	gag	CA/MX2 (MxB) binding requires an intact 'RRR' motif located at amino acids 11-13 in the N-terminal of MX2 (MxB)	PubMed
	gag	MX2 binds to the HIV-1 core and inhibits the uncoating process of HIV-1 during infection, which is prevented by a benzimidazole-based inhibitor that binds to a specific pocket in the HIV-1 capsid	PubMed
	gag	HIV-1 CA N57S, K70R, N74D, A88T, G89V, P90A, and T107N mutants are resistant to inhibition by MX2, suggesting that CA is a specific target of MX2	PubMed
	gag	HIV-1 CA mutants V86A, V86Q, H87P, H87Q, A88V, and A92P in the cyclophilin A-binding loop of CA are resistant to MxB restriction	PubMed
	gag	HIV-1 CA mutants E45A, N57A, N57S, K70R, G89V, and T107N are significantly less sensitive than the wild-type to MxB restriction	PubMed
	gag	MX2 binds to in vitro assembled HIV-1 CA-NC complexes, whereas MX1 is not able to interact with in vitro assembled HIV-1 CA-NC complexes	PubMed
	gag	MX2 co-localizes with HIV-1 CA, suggesting that MX2 directly associates with HIV-1 cores in living cells	PubMed
	gag	A protein chimera MX2(1-90)-MX1(43-662) has the ability to bind in vitro assembled HIV-1 CA-NC complexes, suggesting that the N-terminal region (residues 1-90) of MX2 is involved in its ability to bind capsid	PubMed
	gag	The cryo-EM images show distinct protein densities decorating the HIV-1 CA tubes in the presence of MX2 compared to MX2(84-715) mutant, confirming both direct protein binding and the importance of the MX2 N terminus in this interaction	PubMed
	gag	HIV-1 CA mutants M10I, N57S, H87R, P90T, Q95L, M185I, P207S, G208R, and T210K are entirely or partially resistant to human MX2	PubMed
integrase	gag-pol	HIV-1 IN mutant D64N/D116N is significantly more resistant than the wild-type and D167K IN mutant to MxB restriction	PubMed
nucleocapsid	gag	CA-NC complex/core (in vitro-assembled from HIV-1 NL4-3 Gag amino acids 133-433; fusion protein) DOES NOT bind to MX2 (MxB) with the L661K mutation (prevents oligomerization) in the putative leucine zipper region	PubMed
	gag	CA-NC complex/core (in vitro-assembled from HIV-1 NL4-3 Gag amino acids 133-433; fusion protein) DOES NOT bind to MX2 (MxB) with mutations in interface 2 (Q644D, M574D, Y651D and M574D/Y651D, each preventing MX2 oligomerization)	PubMed
	gag	CA-NC complexes (in vitro-assembled from HIV-1 NL4-3 Gag amino acids 133-433; fusion protein) bind to MX2 (MxB) with mutations in interface 1 (E424R, K663D, L669D) as strongly as wild-type MX2 (MxB)	PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Interactions

Go to the top of the page Help

Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

Go to the top of the page Help

Markers

GDB:191983 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:155656

MX2_216 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:277515

PMC310729P7 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:272656

MX1 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:506212

D21S1826 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:64701

G34721 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:64702

STS-M30818 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:73936

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables GTP binding	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
enables GTPase activity	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables microtubule binding	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
enables protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in defense response	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in defense response to virus	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
involved_in defense response to virus	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in innate immune response	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in mRNA transport	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in protein transport	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in regulation of cell cycle	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
involved_in response to interferon-alpha	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
involved_in response to virus	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
is_active_in cytoplasm	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in cytosol	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
is_active_in membrane	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
is_active_in microtubule	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
part_of nuclear pore	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
is_active_in nucleus	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info

General protein information

Go to the top of the page Help

Preferred Names: interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2

Names: interferon-regulated resistance GTP-binding protein MXB; myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 2; myxovirus resistance protein 2; p78-related protein; second interferon-induced protein p78

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

Go to the top of the page Help

NEW Try the new Transcript table

RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_002463.2 → NP_002454.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_002454.1

Status: REVIEWED

Source sequence(s)

AL773578, M30818

Consensus CDS

CCDS13672.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B7Z5D3, D3DSI7, P20592

Related

ENSP00000333657.3, ENST00000330714.8

Conserved Domains (3) summary

smart00302
Location:621 → 709

GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain

cd08771
Location:116 → 387

DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins

pfam01031
Location:307 → 593

Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2023_10

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

NC_000021.9 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Range

41362027..41409393

Download

GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

XM_011529573.3 → XP_011527875.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X2

Conserved Domains (3) summary

smart00302
Location:576 → 664

GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain

cd08771
Location:116 → 342

DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins

pfam01031
Location:263 → 549

Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region
XM_024452080.2 → XP_024307848.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B7Z5D3, D3DSI7, P20592

Conserved Domains (3) summary

smart00302
Location:621 → 709

GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain

cd08771
Location:116 → 387

DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins

pfam01031
Location:307 → 593

Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region
XM_047440780.1 → XP_047296736.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B7Z5D3, D3DSI7, P20592
XM_047440779.1 → XP_047296735.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B7Z5D3, D3DSI7, P20592
XM_005260983.6 → XP_005261040.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X1

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_005261040.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B7Z5D3, D3DSI7, P20592

Related

ENSP00000506423.1, ENST00000680862.1

Conserved Domains (3) summary

smart00302
Location:621 → 709

GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain

cd08771
Location:116 → 387

DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins

pfam01031
Location:307 → 593

Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region
XM_047440781.1 → XP_047296737.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X2
XM_005260984.2 → XP_005261041.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X1

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_005261041.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B7Z5D3, D3DSI7, P20592

Conserved Domains (3) summary

smart00302
Location:621 → 709

GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain

cd08771
Location:116 → 387

DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins

pfam01031
Location:307 → 593

Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region
XM_047440782.1 → XP_047296738.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X2
XM_047440783.1 → XP_047296739.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X2
XM_011529572.3 → XP_011527874.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X1

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for XP_011527874.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B7Z5D3, D3DSI7, P20592

Conserved Domains (3) summary

smart00302
Location:621 → 709

GED; Dynamin GTPase effector domain

cd08771
Location:116 → 387

DLP_1; Dynamin_like protein family includes dynamins and Mx proteins

pfam01031
Location:307 → 593

Dynamin_M; Dynamin central region

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

NC_060945.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Range

39750638..39798083

Download

GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

XM_054324511.1 → XP_054180486.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X2
XM_054324508.1 → XP_054180483.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B7Z5D3, D3DSI7, P20592
XM_054324509.1 → XP_054180484.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B7Z5D3, D3DSI7, P20592
XM_054324504.1 → XP_054180479.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B7Z5D3, D3DSI7, P20592
XM_054324510.1 → XP_054180485.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X2
XM_054324507.1 → XP_054180482.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B7Z5D3, D3DSI7, P20592
XM_054324505.1 → XP_054180480.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B7Z5D3, D3DSI7, P20592
XM_054324512.1 → XP_054180487.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X2
XM_054324513.1 → XP_054180488.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X2
XM_054324506.1 → XP_054180481.1 interferon-induced GTP-binding protein Mx2 isoform X1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

B7Z5D3, D3DSI7, P20592