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Prl prolactin [ Mus musculus (house mouse) ]

Gene ID: 19109, updated on 21-Apr-2024

Summary

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Official Symbol
Prlprovided by MGI
Official Full Name
prolactinprovided by MGI
Primary source
MGI:MGI:97762
See related
Ensembl:ENSMUSG00000021342 AllianceGenome:MGI:97762
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
VALIDATED
Organism
Mus musculus
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Glires; Rodentia; Myomorpha; Muroidea; Muridae; Murinae; Mus; Mus
Also known as
Gha1; Prl1a1
Summary
Predicted to enable hormone activity and prolactin receptor binding activity. Acts upstream of or within several processes, including mammary gland development; maternal behavior; and positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT. Located in secretory granule. Is expressed in hippocampus; pituitary gland; placenta; and trophoblast giant cell. Human ortholog(s) of this gene implicated in carotid artery disease. Orthologous to human PRL (prolactin). [provided by Alliance of Genome Resources, Apr 2022]
Expression
Low expression observed in reference dataset See more
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Genomic context

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Location:
13 A3.1; 13 12.25 cM
Exon count:
5
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2024_02 current GRCm39 (GCF_000001635.27) 13 NC_000079.7 (27241553..27249187)
108.20200622 previous assembly GRCm38.p6 (GCF_000001635.26) 13 NC_000079.6 (27057570..27065204)

Chromosome 13 - NC_000079.7Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene 60S ribosomal protein L27a-like Neighboring gene HDGF like 1 Neighboring gene STARR-seq mESC enhancer starr_34013 Neighboring gene STARR-seq mESC enhancer starr_34014 Neighboring gene prolactin family 3, subfamily d, member 1 Neighboring gene prolactin family 3, subfamily d, member 1

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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  • Project title: Mouse ENCODE transcriptome data
  • Description: RNA profiling data sets generated by the Mouse ENCODE project.
  • BioProject: PRJNA66167
  • Publication: PMID 25409824
  • Analysis date: n/a

Bibliography

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Related articles in PubMed

  1. Unexpected Plasma Gonadal Steroid and Prolactin Levels Across the Mouse Estrous Cycle. Wall EG, et al. Endocrinology, 2023 Apr 17. PMID 37165692, Free PMC Article
  2. Maternal prolactin levels during late pregnancy and nurturing behavior of offspring in mice. Masuda S, et al. Dev Psychobiol, 2022 Mar. PMID 35312052
  3. Vasoinhibin is Generated and Promotes Inflammation in Mild Antigen-induced Arthritis. Ortiz G, et al. Endocrinology, 2022 May 1. PMID 35305012, Free PMC Article
  4. NSG-Pro mouse model for uncovering resistance mechanisms and unique vulnerabilities in human luminal breast cancers. Sun Y, et al. Sci Adv, 2021 Sep 17. PMID 34524841, Free PMC Article
  5. Prolactin Increases the Frequency of Follicular T Helper Cells with Enhanced IL21 Secretion and OX40 Expression in Lupus-Prone MRL/lpr Mice. Alemán-García YP, et al. J Immunol Res, 2021. PMID 33763492, Free PMC Article

See all (248) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Unexpected Plasma Gonadal Steroid and Prolactin Levels Across the Mouse Estrous Cycle.
    Title: Unexpected Plasma Gonadal Steroid and Prolactin Levels Across the Mouse Estrous Cycle.
  2. Prolactin in headache and migraine: A systematic review of preclinical studies.
    Title: Prolactin in headache and migraine: A systematic review of preclinical studies.
  3. Associations among the TREM-1 Pathway, Tau Hyperphosphorylation, Prolactin Expression, and Metformin in Diabetes Mice.
    Title: Associations among the TREM-1 Pathway, Tau Hyperphosphorylation, Prolactin Expression, and Metformin in Diabetes Mice.
  4. Prolactin-Induced Protein facilitates corneal wound healing.
    Title: Prolactin-Induced Protein facilitates corneal wound healing.
  5. Vasoinhibin is Generated and Promotes Inflammation in Mild Antigen-induced Arthritis.
    Title: Vasoinhibin is Generated and Promotes Inflammation in Mild Antigen-induced Arthritis.
  6. Maternal prolactin levels during late pregnancy and nurturing behavior of offspring in mice.
    Title: Maternal prolactin levels during late pregnancy and nurturing behavior of offspring in mice.
  7. The effect of circadian rhythm on prolactin/PRLR-mediated intracellular signaling profiles in vivo and in vitro.
    Title: The effect of circadian rhythm on prolactin/PRLR-mediated intracellular signaling profiles in vivo and in vitro.
  8. Prolactin enhances hippocampal synaptic plasticity in female mice of reproductive age.
    Title: Prolactin enhances hippocampal synaptic plasticity in female mice of reproductive age.
  9. Prolactin Increases the Frequency of Follicular T Helper Cells with Enhanced IL21 Secretion and OX40 Expression in Lupus-Prone MRL/lpr Mice.
    Title: Prolactin Increases the Frequency of Follicular T Helper Cells with Enhanced IL21 Secretion and OX40 Expression in Lupus-Prone MRL/lpr Mice.
  10. Prolactin synergizes with canonical Wnt signals to drive development of ER+ mammary tumors via activation of the Notch pathway.
    Title: Prolactin synergizes with canonical Wnt signals to drive development of ER+ mammary tumors via activation of the Notch pathway.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (82)

Variation

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Alleles

Alleles of this type are documented at Mouse Genome Informatics  (MGI)
  • Targeted (2)  1 citation
  • Endonuclease-mediated (2) 

Pathways from PubChem

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Interactions

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Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

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Markers

Homology

Gene Ontology Provided by MGI

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables hormone activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables hormone activity TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
enables prolactin receptor binding IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables prolactin receptor binding ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
Process Evidence Code Pubs
acts_upstream_of cell population proliferation IGI
Inferred from Genetic Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
acts_upstream_of epithelial cell proliferation IGI
Inferred from Genetic Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in female pregnancy IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
acts_upstream_of_or_within lactation IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in mammary gland development IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
acts_upstream_of_or_within mammary gland development IGI
Inferred from Genetic Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
acts_upstream_of_or_within maternal behavior IGI
Inferred from Genetic Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
acts_upstream_of negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of cell population proliferation IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of cell population proliferation IGI
Inferred from Genetic Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of cell population proliferation ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation IGI
Inferred from Genetic Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of lactation IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of miRNA transcription ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
acts_upstream_of_or_within positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT IGI
Inferred from Genetic Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
involved_in prolactin signaling pathway ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
involved_in regulation of ossification ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
acts_upstream_of_or_within regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in response to nutrient levels IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
located_in extracellular region ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
is_active_in extracellular space IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in extracellular space ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  
located_in secretory granule IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in secretory granule ISO
Inferred from Sequence Orthology
more info
  

General protein information

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Preferred Names
prolactin
Names
growth hormone a1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001163530.1 → NP_001157002.1  prolactin isoform 2 precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001157002.1

    Status: VALIDATED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) uses an alternate in-frame splice site in the coding region, compared to variant 1. This results in a shorter protein (isoform 2), compared to isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AK133645, AL591843
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q3TT66, Q9CPQ0
    Related
    ENSMUSP00000018061.6, ENSMUST00000018061.7
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd10288
    Location:31 → 227
    prolactin_like; Prolactin (PRL or PRL1), chorionic somatomammotropin, and related pituitary gland hormones

  2. NM_011164.2 → NP_035294.2  prolactin isoform 1 precursor

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_035294.2

    Status: VALIDATED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) represents the longer transcript and encodes the longer isoform (1).
    Source sequence(s)
    AK161619, AL591843
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS26389.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    P06879, Q544X8
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q9CPQ2
    Related
    ENSMUSP00000105998.4, ENSMUST00000110369.10
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cd10288
    Location:32 → 228
    prolactin_like; Prolactin (PRL or PRL1), chorionic somatomammotropin, and related pituitary gland hormones

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001635.27-RS_2024_02

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCm39 C57BL/6J

Genomic

  1. NC_000079.7 Reference GRCm39 C57BL/6J

    Range
    27241553..27249187
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)
Nucleotide Protein Strain
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
P06879.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P06879

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