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| Serotonin (), also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter with a wide range of functions in both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. It is involved in mood, cognition, reward, learning, memory, and physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction. In the CNS, serotonin regulates mood, appetite, and sleep.
Most of the body's serotonin—about 90%—is synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract by enterochromaffin cells, where it regulates intestinal movements. It is also produced in smaller amounts in the brainstem's raphe nuclei, the skin's Merkel cells, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, and taste receptor cells of the tongue. Once secreted, serotonin is taken up by platelets in the blood, which release it during clotting to promote vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation. Around 8% of the body's serotonin is stored in platelets, and 1–2% is found in the CNS.
Serotonin acts as both a vasoconstrictor and vasodilator depending on concentration and context, influencing hemostasis and blood pressure regulation. It plays a role in stimulating myenteric neurons and enhancing gastrointestinal motility through uptake and release cycles in platelets and surrounding tissue. Biochemically, serotonin is an indoleamine synthesized from tryptophan and metabolized primarily in the liver to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA).
Serotonin is targeted by several classes of antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), which block reabsorption in the synapse to elevate its levels. It is found in nearly all bilateral animals, including insects and worms, and also occurs in fungi and plants. In plants and insect venom, it serves a defensive function by inducing pain. Serotonin released by pathogenic amoebae may cause diarrhea in the human gut, while its presence in seeds and fruits is thought to stimulate digestion and facilitate seed dispersal. |
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Read full article at Wikipedia
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| InChI=1S/C10H12N2O/c11-4-3-7-6-12-10-2-1-8(13)5-9(7)10/h1-2,5-6,12-13H,3-4,11H2 |
| QZAYGJVTTNCVMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
| C1=CC(=CC=2C(=CNC12)CCN)O |
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Mus musculus
(NCBI:txid10090)
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Source: BioModels - MODEL1507180067
See:
PubMed
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Paramuricea clavata
(NCBI:txid317549)
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CH2Cl2:MeOH(1:1) extract of lyophilized material
See:
PubMed
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Homo sapiens
(NCBI:txid9606)
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See:
PubMed
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Bronsted base
A molecular entity capable of accepting a hydron from a donor (Bronsted acid).
(via organic amino compound )
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mouse metabolite
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
human metabolite
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
neurotransmitter
An endogenous compound that is used to transmit information across the synapse between a neuron and another cell.
molecular messenger
(via monoamine molecular messenger )
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View more via ChEBI Ontology
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Outgoing
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serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
has functional parent
tryptamine
(CHEBI:16765)
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
has role
human metabolite
(CHEBI:77746)
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
has role
mouse metabolite
(CHEBI:75771)
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
has role
neurotransmitter
(CHEBI:25512)
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
is a
hydroxyindoles
(CHEBI:84729)
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
is a
monoamine molecular messenger
(CHEBI:25375)
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
is a
phenols
(CHEBI:33853)
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
is a
primary amino compound
(CHEBI:50994)
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
is a
tryptamines
(CHEBI:27162)
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
is conjugate base of
serotonin(1+)
(CHEBI:350546)
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Incoming
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(2E)-N-{2-[5,5'-dihydroxy-3'-(2-{[(2E)-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-ylidene]amino}ethyl)-1H,1'H-[4,4'-biindole]-3-yl]ethyl}-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enimidic acid
(CHEBI:184799)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
(2E)-N-{2-[5,5'-dihydroxy-3'-(2-{[(2E)-1-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-ylidene]amino}ethyl)-1H,1'H-[4,4'-biindole]-3-yl]ethyl}-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop-2-enimidic acid
(CHEBI:185584)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
1-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-propanamine
(CHEBI:125422)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
1-[5-(thiophen-2-ylmethoxy)-1H-indol-3-yl]-2-propanamine
(CHEBI:91556)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
2,2,2-trideuterio-N-[1,1,2,2-tetradeuterio-2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide
(CHEBI:125590)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
2-methylserotonin
(CHEBI:31085)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
3-(2-aminoethyl)-6-methoxy-1H-indol-5-ol 2-amino-3-methyl-4H-imidazol-5-one
(CHEBI:125692)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
3-(2-aminoethyl)-7-methoxy-1H-indol-5-ol 2-amino-3-methyl-4H-imidazol-5-one
(CHEBI:125691)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
5-Methoxy DL-tryptophan
(CHEBI:86571)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
5-Methoxy-DL-tryptophan
(CHEBI:194846)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
5-methoxytryptamine
(CHEBI:2089)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
5-nonyloxytryptamine
(CHEBI:64149)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
N,O-dimethylserotonin
(CHEBI:189635)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
N-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-L-glutamine residue
(CHEBI:167174)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
N-acylserotonin
(CHEBI:134175)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
N-arachidonoyl-2-oxoserotonin
(CHEBI:132256)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
N-methylserotonin
(CHEBI:48294)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
Creatinine sulfate mixture with serotonin
(CHEBI:166585)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
N6-cis-p-Coumaroylserotonin
(CHEBI:175113)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
Serotonin hydrochloride
(CHEBI:181195)
has functional parent
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
serotonin(1+)
(CHEBI:350546)
is conjugate acid of
serotonin
(CHEBI:28790)
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3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
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3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
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KEGG COMPOUND
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3-(2-Aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol
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KEGG COMPOUND
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5-HT
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IUPHAR
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5-Hydroxytryptamine
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KEGG COMPOUND
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Enteramine
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KEGG COMPOUND
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Serotonin
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KEGG COMPOUND
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SEROTONIN
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PDBeChem
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sérotonine
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ChEBI
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thrombocytin
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ChemIDplus
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thrombotonin
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ChemIDplus
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143524
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Reaxys Registry Number
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Reaxys
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1861995
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Gmelin Registry Number
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Gmelin
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50-67-9
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CAS Registry Number
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KEGG COMPOUND
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50-67-9
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CAS Registry Number
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ChemIDplus
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Marshall AM, Hernandez LL, Horseman ND (2014)
Serotonin and serotonin transport in the regulation of lactation.
Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia 19, 139-146 [PubMed:24136337]
[show Abstract]
Serotonin (5-HT), classically known as a neurotransmitter involved in regulating sleep, appetite, memory, sexual behavior, neuroendocrine function and mood is also synthesized in epithelial cells located in many organs throughout the body, including the mammary gland. The function of epithelial 5-HT is dependent on the expression of the 5-HT receptors in a particular system. The conventional components of a classic 5-HT system are found within the mammary gland; synthetic enzymes (tryptophan hydroxylase I, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase), several 5-HT receptors and the 5-HT reuptake transporter (SERT). In the mammary gland, two actions of 5-HT through two different 5-HT receptor subtypes have been described: negative feedback on milk synthesis and secretion, and stimulation of parathyroid hormone related-protein, a calcium-mobilizing hormone. As with neuronal systems, the regulation of 5-HT activity is multifactorial, but one seminal component is reuptake of 5-HT from the extracellular space following its release. Importantly, the wide availability of selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) allows the manipulation of 5-HT activity in a biological system. Here, we review the role of 5-HT in mammary gland function, review the biochemistry, genetics and physiology of SERT, and discuss how SERT is vital to the function of the mammary gland. | Roux A, Xu Y, Heilier JF, Olivier MF, Ezan E, Tabet JC, Junot C (2012)
Annotation of the human adult urinary metabolome and metabolite identification using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a linear quadrupole ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometer.
Analytical chemistry 84, 6429-6437 [PubMed:22770225]
[show Abstract]
Metabolic profiles of biofluids obtained by atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry-based technologies contain hundreds to thousands of features, most of them remaining unknown or at least not characterized in analytical systems. We report here on the annotation of the human adult urinary metabolome and metabolite identification from electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)-based metabolomics data sets. Features of biological interest were first of all annotated using the ESI-MS database of the laboratory. They were also grouped, thanks to software tools, and annotated using public databases. Metabolite identification was achieved using two complementary approaches: (i) formal identification by matching chromatographic retention times, mass spectra, and also product ion spectra (if required) of metabolites to be characterized in biological data sets to those of reference compounds and (ii) putative identification from biological data thanks to MS/MS experiments for metabolites not available in our chemical library. By these means, 384 metabolites corresponding to 1484 annotated features (659 in negative ion mode and 825 in positive ion mode) were characterized in human urine samples. Of these metabolites, 192 and 66 were formally and putatively identified, respectively, and 54 are reported in human urine for the first time. These lists of features could be used by other laboratories to annotate their ESI-MS metabolomics data sets. | Nocito A, Dahm F, Jochum W, Jang JH, Georgiev P, Bader M, Graf R, Clavien PA (2008)
Serotonin regulates macrophage-mediated angiogenesis in a mouse model of colon cancer allografts.
Cancer research 68, 5152-5158 [PubMed:18593914]
[show Abstract]
Serotonin, a neurotransmitter with numerous functions in the central nervous system (CNS), is emerging as an important signaling molecule in biological processes outside of the CNS. Recent advances have implicated serotonin as a regulator of inflammation, proliferation, regeneration, and repair. The role of serotonin in tumor biology in vivo has not been elucidated. Using a genetic model of serotonin deficiency (Tph1(-/-)) in mice, we show serotonin to be crucial for the growth of s.c. colon cancer allografts in vivo. Serotonin does not enhance tumor cell proliferation but acts as a regulator of angiogenesis by reducing the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 12 (MMP-12) in tumor-infiltrating macrophages, entailing lower levels of angiostatin-an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis. Accordingly, serotonin deficiency causes slower growth of s.c. tumors by reducing vascularity, thus increasing hypoxia and spontaneous necrosis. The biological relevance of these effects is underscored by the reconstitution of serotonin synthesis in Tph1(-/-) mice, which restores allograft phenotype in all aspects. In conclusion, we show how serotonin regulates angiogenesis in s.c. colon cancer allografts by influencing MMP-12 expression in tumor-infiltrating macrophages, thereby affecting the production of circulating angiostatin. |
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