| Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine and diamorphine among other names, is a morphinan opioid substance synthesized from the dried latex of the opium poppy; it is mainly used as a recreational drug for its euphoric effects. Heroin is used medically in several countries to relieve pain, such as during childbirth or a heart attack, as well as in opioid replacement therapy. Medical-grade diamorphine is used as a pure hydrochloride salt. Various white and brown powders sold illegally around the world as heroin are routinely diluted with cutting agents. Black tar heroin is a variable admixture of morphine derivatives—predominantly 6-MAM (6-monoacetylmorphine), which is the result of crude acetylation during clandestine production of street heroin.
Heroin is typically injected, usually into a vein, but it can also be snorted, smoked, or inhaled. In a clinical context, the route of administration is most commonly intravenous injection; it may also be given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, as well as orally in the form of tablets. The onset of effects is usually rapid and lasts for a few hours.
Common side effects include respiratory depression (decreased breathing), dry mouth, drowsiness, impaired mental function, constipation, and addiction. Use by injection can also result in abscesses, infected heart valves, blood-borne infections, and pneumonia. After a history of long-term use, opioid withdrawal symptoms can begin within hours of the last use. When given by injection into a vein, heroin has two to three times the effect of a similar dose of morphine. It typically appears in the form of a white or brown powder.
Treatment of heroin addiction often includes behavioral therapy and medications. Medications can include buprenorphine, methadone, or naltrexone. A heroin overdose may be treated with naloxone. As of 2015, an estimated 17 million people use opiates, of which heroin is the most common, and opioid use resulted in 122,000 deaths; also, as of 2015, the total number of heroin users worldwide is believed to have increased in Africa, the Americas, and Asia since 2000. In the United States, approximately 1.6 percent of people have used heroin at some point. When people die from overdosing on a drug, the drug is usually an opioid and often heroin.
Heroin was first made by C. R. Alder Wright in 1874 from morphine, a natural product of the opium poppy. Internationally, heroin is controlled under Schedules I and IV of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, and it is generally illegal to make, possess, or sell without a license. About 448 tons of heroin were made in 2016. In 2015, Afghanistan produced about 66% of the world's opium. Illegal heroin is often mixed with other substances such as sugar, starch, caffeine, quinine, or other opioids like fentanyl. |
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InChI=1S/C18H22O2/c1- 18-9-8-14-13-5-3-12(19)10-11(13)2-4-15(14)16(18)6-7-17(18)20/h3,5,10,14-16,19H,2,4,6-9H2,1H3/t14-,15-,16+,18+/m1/s1 |
| DNXHEGUUPJUMQT-CBZIJGRNSA-N |
| [H][C@]12CC[C@]3(C)C(=O)CC[C@@]3([H])[C@]1([H])CCc1cc(O)ccc21 |
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Mus musculus
(NCBI:txid10090)
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Source: BioModels - MODEL1507180067
See:
PubMed
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Homo sapiens
(NCBI:txid9606)
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See:
DOI
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estrogen
A hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of female sex characteristics in mammals by binding to oestrogen receptors. The oestrogens are named for their importance in the oestrous cycle. The oestrogens that occur naturally in the body, notably estrone, estradiol, estriol, and estetrol are steroids. Other compounds with oestrogenic activity are produced by plants (phytoestrogens) and fungi (mycoestrogens); synthetic compounds with oestrogenic activity are known as xenoestrogens.
human metabolite
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
mouse metabolite
Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in a mouse (Mus musculus).
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bone density conservation agent
An agent that inhibits bone resorption and/or favor bone mineralization and bone regeneration. Used to heal bone fractures and to treat bone diseases such as osteopenia and osteoporosis.
antineoplastic agent
A substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
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View more via ChEBI Ontology
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3-hydroxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-one
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3-Hydroxy-1,3,5(10)-estratrien-17-one
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KEGG COMPOUND
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Estrone
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KEGG COMPOUND
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estrone
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UniProt
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follicular hormone
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NIST Chemistry WebBook
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folliculin
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NIST Chemistry WebBook
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oestrone
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NIST Chemistry WebBook
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3188
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DrugCentral
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C00003663
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KNApSAcK
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C00468
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KEGG COMPOUND
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D00067
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KEGG DRUG
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DB00655
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DrugBank
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Estrone
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Wikipedia
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FR1305992
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Patent
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HMDB0000145
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HMDB
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J3Z
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PDBeChem
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LMST02010004
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LIPID MAPS
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LSM-3837
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LINCS
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US1967350
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Patent
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US1967351
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Patent
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1915077
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Reaxys Registry Number
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Reaxys
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53-16-7
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CAS Registry Number
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KEGG COMPOUND
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53-16-7
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CAS Registry Number
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ChemIDplus
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53-16-7
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CAS Registry Number
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NIST Chemistry WebBook
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542591
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Gmelin Registry Number
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Gmelin
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11786692
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PubMed citation
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Europe PMC
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13908815
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PubMed citation
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Europe PMC
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15784278
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PubMed citation
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Europe PMC
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17447557
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PubMed citation
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Europe PMC
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19610377
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PubMed citation
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Europe PMC
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23647561
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PubMed citation
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Europe PMC
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24390165
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PubMed citation
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Europe PMC
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24398390
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PubMed citation
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Europe PMC
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